Exam Study Guide free essay sample

The degree to which the review reactions are inside reliable. Cronbach’s alpha: Test-retest unwavering quality: The capacity of a similar instrument to deliver reliable outcomes when utilized a second time under conditions as comparable as conceivable to the first conditions. * Be comfortable with the means in the estimation improvement process (McDaniel’s chart) Slide 3 CH 10. * Know the contrast between a constitutive and operational meaning of a given build. Slide 4) * Constitutive: uncertainty is an immediate capacity of the error between the data accessible to the individual and that which is required for sufficient execution of a job. It is the distinction between a person’s genuine condition of information and the information that gives satisfactory fulfillment of that person’s individual needs and qualities. * Operational: Role equivocalness is the measure of vulnerability (running from dubious to extremely sure on a five-point scale) an individual feels in regards to work job obligations and desires from different representatives and clients. 6. To the complaint that permitting willful extermination would sabotage general trust in social insurance administrations giving ideal consideration to kicking the bucket patients, Brock answers: There is no motivation to expect that killing will dissolve patients trust if just intentional killing is permitted. 7. Among the moral contemplations identifying with hereditary testing are the accompanying: a. do guardians reserve the privilege to be educated regarding all the aftereffects of a hereditary test? b. does an individual reserve a privilege to have youngsters who are probably going to be disabled? c. should open assets be utilized to pay for hereditary esting when individuals can't pay? 8. Restorative sanitization is the end of the capacity to create posterity if the mother’s life or emotional wellness is in harm's way. 9. With regards to killing, the tricky incline contention is the possibility that it will in the long run lead to a lessening of our regard of life. 10. Ma ltreatment of laws allowing dynamic killing can be forestalled by doing the accompanying: a. ensure that it is the patient deliberately settling on the choice to have it. b. ensure that there is zero chance of recuperation for the patient. c. he quiet should feel that they are not being a weight to their family in light of their disease. 11. Among the advantages of hereditary testing are the accompanying: a. improves the lives of the guardians and now and again, the kid b. gives help to guardians who wish to settle on objective choices with respect to their family arranging 12. Moral contemplations with substitute parenthood incorporate the accompanying: a. is it option to request that a substitute mother surrender all rights to a child she conveyed for nine months? b. potential court fights over guardianship of a kid imagined outside of marriage. c. uture enthusiastic misery when the youngster discovers that they were purposely detracted from their common mother. 13. Unprecedented consideration implies when thinking about an out cold patient, one ought to include: B. CPR, mechanical breathing 14. The arrangement of conditions that must be available to decide whether a patient is an irreversible trance like state is known as the Harvard Criteria. 15. The consideration given to at death's door patients that comprise of solace measures and side effect control is alluded to as palliative consideration. 16. The Baby M case is a case of: C. issues experienced because of the utilization of a proxy 7. A fruitless couple who doesn't wish to embrace has the choice of substitute parenthood. 18. While the objective of restorative hereditary mediations is to reestablish the patient to the best condition of wellbeing as could be expected under the circumstances, the objective of nontherapeutic or upgrade hereditary building is to enhance an in any case solid body. 19. A feasible baby is one who can get by after birth. 20. Give instances of conventional ver sus exceptional methods utilized in the treatment of critically ill: common incorporates treatment that is ethically required, for example, giving liquids and giving solace measures. xtraordinary incorporates strategies and medicines that are ethically disposable, model: giving chemotherapy to a patient who has end stage disease 21. The Karen Ann Quinlan case included: C. expulsion of a respirator from a lethargic patient 22. A kind of repayment that permits individuals with terminal sicknesses, for example, AIDS, to acquire cash from their protection strategies by selling them is known as a viatical repayment. 23. The Karen Ann Quinlan case is a case of: C. pulling back treatment 24. What are a portion of the measures to evaluate personal satisfaction? a. general wellbeing b. physical capacity c. social capacity d. torment e. psychological wellness 25. What estimates does palliative consideration incorporate? a. comfort estimates b. indication control for torment, brevity of breath, bolster treatment, and so forth c. alleviation of torment and enduring d. make the finish of-life period a significant encounter for the patient 26. For what reason did the specialists endeavor to isolate conjoined twins Laden and Laleh Bijani whenever the odds of endurance were obviously extremely thin? ecause he was convinced to continue with the activity dependent on clinical proof and the powerful urge of the twins to be isolated; he needed to ensure they had their most obvious opportunity. 27. What are the Kubler-ross’s five phases of biting the dust? 1. Refusal 2. Outrage 3. Dealing 4. Gloom 5. Acknowledgment 28. Individuals who are against willful extermination offer the accompanying reasons: a. probability of mixed up analysis b. question about how intentional a patient’s decision is c. it twists the ethical duty of specialists. The job of the specialist is to think about his patients, not to abbreviate their lives. 29. Hereditary directing includes examination and insight through meeting and conferencing with planned guardians to decide: the danger of giving a hereditary illness to their posterity. 30. A substitute mother is a lady who: a lady who is conveying the ovum of the spouse or another lady who can't conceive an offspring, and the husband’s sperm to inevitably birth a kid they are bound under agreement to surrender the youngster during childbirth to the couple they consented to finish this with. Most are paid from $20-25,000 in clinical costs. 31. To the possibility that dynamic willful killing is contrary with the octor’s moral responsibility to think about patients and secure life, Brock answers: the promise to self assurance and prosperity should be at the focal point of clinical practice, not simply saving life. 32. For Rachels, the qualification among dynamic and aloof willful extermination regularly prompts choices concerning life and demise made on the traditional tenet . 33. On the issue of willful extermination, Rachels contends that â€Å"letting die,† or â€Å"doing nothing,† is a type of aloof killing. 34. For James Rachels, the Standard View isn't right. On the off chance that dynamic willful extermination is in some cases reasonable, at that point aloof killing is additionally now and then once in a while allowable.

Chemistry and Computers Essay Example for Free

Science and Computers Essay Be that as it may, frequently the gadget basically goes about as what might be compared to an on-off switch. When on, it finishes a circuit and allows flow to stream; when off, it breaks the electrical way. †¢ solitary transistors suck-quality in numbers †¢ Transistors are conceivable in light of the fact that the semiconductors they’re constructed fromâ€elements like silicon and germaniumâ€have one unusual and helpful property: They convey power superior to separators, for example, glass, yet not just as conductorsâ€aluminum for instance. Researchers can push a semiconductor’s conductivity one way or the other by dopingâ€adding limited quantities of polluting influences. (Arsenic and boron are two of the normally utilized components. ) â€Å"When you dope silicon you make it act differently,† says Shahidi. â€Å"It can act like a protector or as a metal. † Doping explicit regions of a semiconductor in various manners is the thing that makes a transistor empowers its exchanging activity. †¢ Experts have been working for a long time to see how to function with electronic material delivered on an undeniably little scope. In the rising field of nano-science and nano-innovations it is significant for researchers to have the option to control the structure and holding of atoms that are utilized in making little scope electronic segments for items, for example, PCs. Researchers have prevailing with regards to imaging and shaping a one of a kind bond between a solitary gold particle and a solitary natural atom called a pentacene. They figured out how to tie the particle to the pentacene and take pictures of improvements of the electrons partaking in the arrangement of the concoction bond.

Euthymia in Bipolar Disorder

Euthymia in Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Print Understanding Euthymia in Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights MoMo Productions/Getty Images Euthymia in bipolar disorder is a term used to describe a relatively stable mood state, where you are neither manic/hypomanic nor depressed. However, some dictionaries have offered variations of the definition which can be confusing when used in the context of a mental illness. To complicate matters even further, a significant number of people diagnosed with bipolar euthymia will show signs of depression or anxiety, casting into doubt as to what the term actually means. Varying Definitions The confusion in the definition of euthymia begins with the root word itself. In Greek, the prefix eu-  means good or well, while -thymia is derived from the Greek word thymus, meaning mind. This would suggest that a person in a euthymic state is in a good state of mind. Other dictionaries have expanded the definition to suggest a positive or even elevated mood state, not unlike that used to describe euphoria. When used in philosophy, in fact, euthymia describes a state of gladness, good mood, and serenity (in reference to one of the root goals of human existence). The same definition cannot be applied to medicine. When used in a clinical context, euthymia is not so much a good state as it is a neutral one in which you may neither be particularly happy nor sad. You may not even feel good per se but will at least be in a state where you are better able to function on a daily basis. With that being said, some people with euthymia will feel markedly improved. However, others will experience signs and symptoms suggestive of depression or anxiety. Euthymia and Anhedonia It is not uncommon to be diagnosed as euthymic and have symptoms of anhedonia, a mood state defined as the reduced ability to feel pleasure. Anhedonia may be experienced physically, wherein you get no pleasure from touching, eating, or sex, or socially, where you are disinterested in or unable to gain pleasure from social situations. Symptoms of anhedonia include:Withdrawing sociallyPutting on a good face for othersFinding excuses not to see people you knowHaving negative feelings about yourself or othersExpressing yourself less verbally or non-verballyLoss of sex drive (libido)A persistent feeling of physical unwellness Anhedonia is not depression per se but is rather a core symptom of depression and other mood disorders, including schizophrenia. Some people will describe anhedonia as emotional flatlining. Unfortunately, there is no consensus as to the appropriate treatment of anhedonia or any drugs that specifically target anhedonia as a condition. With that being said, people with anhedonia often benefit from increased social support as well as the combined use of antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy. Wellbutrin (bupropion), an antidepressant used to treat bipolar depression, may be useful in improving libido. Euthymia and Anxiety Euthymia and anxiety can also co-occur in people with bipolar disorder. The type and severity of anxiety symptoms can vary from person to person and may be characterized by one or several of the following disorders: AgoraphobiaGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD)Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)Panic disorderPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Social anxiety disorder (SAD) The anxiety disorder may have been pre-existing alongside bipolar disorder, or it could something that developed after (or in response) to bipolar treatment The co-existence of euthymia and anxiety disorders is not all that uncommon. In fact, according to research from the Harvard Medical School and the Douglas Mental Health University Institute in Montreal, 34.7 percent of 2,102 people who met the diagnostic criteria for bipolar euthymia also met the diagnostic criteria for one or more anxiety disorders. As opposed to anhedonia, which has no established course of treatment, anxiety disorders would be treated in line with recommendations in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) issued by the American Psychiatric Association. Cause It is unclear why some people with bipolar euthymia experience anhedonia, while others experience anxiety or no symptoms at all. In recent years, a number of psychologists have suggested that our very understanding of euthymia may be askew, wherein the absence of disease is often construed as having good mental health. This is especially true with regards to euthymia. A bipolar person in a euthymic state will often not be willing or able to alter their current mood state after the resolution of an acute manic or depressive episode. It may that he or she fears tipping the boat and has become less responsive to outside stimuli, either consciously or unconsciously. Certain treatments, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), can also result in a blunted mood state, often temporary. Whatever the cause, the resulting inflexibility can make it difficult to adapt to various situations or sensations. Without the ability to adapt, the person will be less able to experience pleasure and have a general tendency to experience negative emotions more frequently, intensely, and readily. As such, euthymia is not necessarily an indication that a treatment has worked but is rather the state by which the course of treatment may need to be monitored and adjusted. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

The Legend Of The Magician - 1117 Words

Merlin the Magician in an important fictional character throughout legends and history. He is known as a powerful sorcerer and a mentor for the future King Arthur. His magical abilities include shapeshifting, spells, and foresight. According to legend, Merlin was born during the rule of King Vortigern, a 5th century warlord, in Carmarthen, Wales. He was given the name Myrddin Emrys, or Ambrosius, by his mother, the princess of Dyfed, whose father was a sub-king (King’s second in command). Merlin isn’t just a character from the Arthurian Legends, â€Å"Writer Geoffrey of Monmouth is credited with creating Merlin in his 1136 A.D. work, Historia Regum Britanniae - The History of Kings of Britain. While a large portion of Historia Regum Britanniae is a historical account of former kings of Britain, Merlin was included as a fictional character (although it is likely that Geoffrey intended for readers to believe he was a figure extracted from long-lost ancient texts).† (Ancient Origins, The legendary Origins of Merlin the Magician) This places his first appearance in the early 10th century, since then Merlin has been in several different stories other than the Legend of King Arthur. Merlin was derived from several different people scattered through history and legend. These include the Myrddin Wyllt, a madman, Romano, a British war leader, and trickster Ambrosius Aurelianus, for who Merlin was named. There are three people who share the exact same story. They were the welsh Myrddin,Show MoreRelatedHoudini vs. Copperfield1016 Words   |  5 PagesCopperfield Have you ever wondered what kind a person would want to be a magician? There are two famous magicians that pretty much everyone knows. One of them is Harry Houdini who is the most renowned magician known to date (HOUDINI: Harry Houdini Biography Houdini Magic). Houdini had a father that was a Rabbi and six siblings. The other magician is would be David Copperfield, who is the most successful magicians that we know of and he made the Statue of Liberty disappear (Top 10 GreatestRead MoreComplex Characters In The Arthurian Legend : Merlin And Taliesin767 Words   |  4 PagesMerlin and Taliesin In Arthurian legend, there are many tales of magic and adventure. One of the best aspects of the stories are the whimsical and complex characters. Often, characters’ and their identities change from version to version, creating confusion about their origin and roles in stories. Merlin, the wondrous and wise magician, and Taliesin, the inspirational historian and all-knowing bard, are some of the most versatile individuals in the stories. The mysteries of Merlin, TaliesinRead MoreChristian Tradition and Non-Christian Tradition are Two Magical Traditions in Marlowes Faust1535 Words   |  6 Pagesliterature. Their searches for Faust’s beginnings often turn up magicians. The historical Johann Faustus, a sixteenth-century charlatan who wandered across Germany, who exercised a minimum of pharmaceutical knowledge†¦with a maximum amount of malice,† was himself a magician. E. M. Butler, in The Myth of the Magus, links Faust with a broad number of magicians extending back to Moses and others. Other scholars, seeing the Faust legend as a Christian story, seek Fausts roots in a more limited way.Read MoreThe Myth and Reality of Merlin Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesThe Myth and Reality of Merlin Reality? Merlin, the greatest magician of all time. He lived, if indeed he lived at all, in Wales and southern England during the dawn of Christianity in those lands, long before written historical records were kept. Yet, his name is universally recognized around the world as synonymous with magic, and his popular image is almost as well known as that of Santa Claus. The beginning and ends of all things are all within Merlins sight. he keeps the propheciesRead More King Arthur Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesKing Arthur Since the romanticizing of the Arthurian legends by Geoffery of Monmouth, the historian, during the twelfth century, the legendary king of England has been the source of inspiration for kings, poets, artists and dreamers alike. The most famous work is probably Sir Thomas Malorys Le Morte dArthur, completed around 1470, and published in many abridged and complete versions. Malorys work contains in one the legend that had been continually added to over the years by manyRead MoreThe Philosophy Behind Phantoms A Ghost 1416 Words   |  6 Pagesin the White House (History 3). Spirits can resemble a great diversity of people from the greatest leaders, to the poorest old man. Not to mention, ghost stories and hauntings come around, frightening people to believe in their existence. A few legends and folklore have became popular over the years. One of the most common beliefs is which a person may sneeze, another says bless you. This is said because sneezing lets his or her soul out, allowing wicked specters to infiltrate (Stone 8). ThereRead MoreThe History of the Illuminati Essays557 Words   |  3 Pagesimportant secretive groups and the most famous Illuminati Illuminati was a term first used by Spanish occultists toward the end of the fifteenth century to signify those alchemists and magicians who appeared to possess the â€Å"light† of spiritual illumination from a higher source. The Spanish referred to these alchemists and magicians as antichrists. An antichrist is a great personal opponent of Christ who will spread evil throughout the world before being conquered at Christs Second Coming. Amongst these antiRead MoreDifference Between Illusion And Reality In The Great Gatsby1024 Words   |  5 Pagesso False it is not even close to the everyday life of a normal American, so from the day we’re old enough to watch tv we are exposed to illusion. The title â€Å"The Great Gatsby† is an accurate title for this book because it depicts Gatsby correctly; Magicians are viewed in admiration because of their performances. F. Scott Fitzgerald depicts Jay Gatsby the same way. F. Scott Fitzgerald creates the ultimate illusion with the character Jay Gatsby; everyone believes he is a good man on the outside, butRead MoreSignificance And Significance Of Mythology1743 Words   |  7 PagesMediterranean world, that is, a belief in magic reflects a belief in deities and the divine. In Arthurian legends, themes of Magical Power are everywhere. Even before Arthur s birth his destiny is shaped by the wizard Merlin, who later serves as the king s adviser and helper. Another powerful magical figure is the witch Morgan Le Fay, who works for good in some versions of the legends and for evil in others. She is sometimes referred to as Arthur s half sister. Celtic Myths are also full ofRead MoreArthurian Legend - Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesArthurian Legend,  group  of  tales  in  several languages that concern the legendary King Arthur of the Britons, his realm, and the knights of his inner circle. The legend is one of the most enduring tales in recorded history. It first appeared in the 5th or 6th century ad and took its basic form between the 12th and 15th centuries. It continues as a popular subject in modern times. The  legend  presents  Arthur as a leader in ancient times who defeats the Saxons and other enemies. He thereby unites

Analysis of Starbucks - 5240 Words

An Analysis of Starbucks Company History Starbucks was opened its first coffee company in Seattle’s Pike place Market on 1971. The name was taken from the first mate in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick (Company Profile, 2005). Products Beverages: Brewed coffees, Italian-style espresso, cold blended beverages, roasted whole bean coffees, tea products, fruit juice, sodas, and coffee liqueur. Food: Sandwich, Salads, pastries and ice creams. Non food items: Mugs, Travel tumblers, coffeemakers, coffee grinders, storage containers, compact discs, games, seasonal novelty items, Starbucks card, media bar. International Business Development In order to achieve Starbucks mission to be a global company, the†¦show more content†¦It means that domestic market in China can supply abundant coffee beans, besides importing from the United States. Besides, rapid growth of economy in China is one of aspects to which Starbucks paid much attention. Although China is still among the developing countries with a relatively low per capita income, it has had tremendous economic growth since the late 1970s. According to the report of Asian Development Bank, China s growth rate for the coming 2-3 years is predicted to be 8.5 % and above (â€Å"Economy of China†, 2005). Therefore, We believe that China has enormous growth potential, said Martin Coles, president of international operations at Starbucks (â€Å"China is Starbuck s Cup of Tea†, 2005). Detail Analysis SWOT Analysis Strengths * The reputation of brand name and image Strong brand name and image of Starbucks allow brand recognition and consumer retention. Therefore, the expanding of stores to other countries is easier and proficient. * High revenues and profits The financial performance of company has positive aspects. The revenues of Starbucks in 2004 were $5.3 billion, growing at about 30 percent. Moreover, in 2004 there was a sharp growth in profit, at 44 percent (Investor relationships, 2005). The exponential growth in revenue and profit creates the strong financial statement and reliability toShow MoreRelatedStarbucks : Starbucks Financial Analysis1185 Words   |  5 PagesStarbucks Financial Analysis It’s hard to drive the street these days and not see a Starbuck’s coffee house sitting on a corner with cars lined up in the drive-thru or consumers gathering in their cafà © to socialize. This has been the scene since the first Starbucks was opened in 1971. Since then, Howard Schultz, chairman and CEO, has embarked on a quest to bring Italian bistro traditions to the United States. Starbucks mission statement is simple, â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit – oneRead MoreStarbucks : Starbucks Economic Analysis1673 Words   |  7 PagesStarbucks Economic Analysis 1 Starbucks Economic Analysis PATTEN UNIVERSITY JULY 29, 2015 MGT407 Managerial Economics Starbucks Economic Analysis 2 The coffee industry had never been the same since the early 1970s when three investors started a Seattle business called Starbucks Coffee, Tea, and Spice in Pikes Peak Market. Each invested about one thousand dollars and-and borrowed five thousand more from a bank to launch their endeavor. The coffee-loving character in Herman Melville’s great novel MobyRead MoreStarbucks Case Analysis : Starbucks1580 Words   |  7 Pages7/25/15 Starbucks Case Study I chose to do a case analysis on Starbucks because I am a huge fan, as a college student I am addicted to caffeine and Starbucks is how I get my caffeine fix! I am a gold card member with Starbucks meaning, I drink so much of their coffee they rewarded me as a valuable customer. Some perks include a free food or beverage after twelve purchases, a free food or beverage on my birthday, as well as discount coupons and exclusive member deals. The first Starbucks locationRead MoreGlobal Analysis Of Starbucks And Starbucks1401 Words   |  6 Pagesstore in 1971, the transnational Starbucks Corporation has successfully flooded the globe with their coffee. Currently, there are 20,519 Starbucks stores globally, serving a total 65 countries . In order to provide coffee to such a large number of stores and maintain a steady profit, Starbucks must source their coffee beans from 27 different countries. This essay will aim to show that globalisation has provided many benefits to the workers and host-nations of the Starbucks coffee bean production and hasRead MoreAnalysis Starbucks1085 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to Digital Marketing â€Å"Analysis of Starbucks Web site† Irina Popova MIB 17.05.2012 980 words Analysis of Starbucks web site How corporate web site should look like in 2012 and which requirements it should follow to be successful and to help organization to implement its strategy? Let’s explore this topic on the example of Starbucks Company. Today accessibility became the defining factor for future success of a corporate web site. Your adventure starts if you can access company’sRead MoreStarbucks Analysis7711 Words   |  31 PagesMANAGEMENT STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT TROY UNIVERSITY TROY UNIVERSITY STARBUCK CASE ANALYSIS STARBUCK CASE ANALYSIS Instructor: Min Carter, Ph.D. Instructor: Min Carter, Ph.D. LY NGOC HUY TRAN QUOC HUY HOANG VAN VINH TON KHANH PHUONG VU NGUYEN TRAM ANH LY NGOC HUY TRAN QUOC HUY HOANG VAN VINH TON KHANH PHUONG VU NGUYEN TRAM ANH Saigon, May 20, 2013 Saigon, May 20, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. ANALYSIS FIRM’S CURRENT SITUATON 1 1. Mission 1 2. Vision 1 3. InformationRead MoreStarbucks Analysis : Starbucks Mission5454 Words   |  22 PagesCompany Overview Starbucks mission is â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit- one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time.† Starbucks strives to provide every customer with the best experience possible. It values its customer’s thoughts and feelings in its effort to exceed expectations. It wants to establish and maintain good relations with every customer. In its desire to focus on the customer it has a relaxing ambiance which adds to an enjoyable, tranquil experience. Starbucks also aims forRead MoreStarbucks Analysis7510 Words   |  31 PagesTable of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary 03 2.0 Company Overview 04 2.1 Company Structure 04 2.2 Mission Statement 05 2.3 Financial Analysis 06 3.0 Competitive Analysis 06 3.1 Second Cup 06 3.2 Timothys 08 3.3 The Symposium Cafe 09 3.4 Tim Hortons 10 4.0 Competition in Canada 10 4.1 Direct Competition 10 4.2 Indirect Competition 11 5.0 Starbucks Current Positioning 13 5.1 Retail Positioning Matrix 13 6.0 Strengths and Weaknesses 14 6.1 Strengths 14 6.2 Weaknesses 15 7.0 External FactorsRead MoreStarbucks Analysis : Starbucks And Dunkin Donuts901 Words   |  4 PagesStarbucks financial statements were analyzed for the fiscal year ended September 27, 2015. Like all public companies, annual and quarterly financial statements are required to allow regulators and other interested parties to analyze the financial status and management decision making of the company. This analysis focuses on the results of Starbucks most recent published annual report containing their balance sheets, statement of earnings and cash flows. These statements will be analyzed againstRead MoreStarbucks Analysis3390 Words   |  14 PagesEconomics of Starbucks CONTENTS A. Introduction B. Analysis economics of Starbucks 1. Nature of product/service 2. Market trends 3. Production/supply process and costs 4. Structure of the industry/market 5. Government role 6. Business environment 7. Firm/Industry Location 8. Business and pricing strategies 9. Entrepreneurial ability of managers C. Conclusion D. References Introduction Starbucks, what started in Seattle in 1971s by three friends:

Online Education Free Essays

ONLINE EDUCATION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES by Jarrod Novicke ABSTRACT Online Education is a rapidly growing field within a highly competitive educational market. With the advances in technology over the last several years, more universities are offering an online curriculum to a diverse range of students. The increased demand for an educated workforce; has increased the need for additional means of education beyond the traditional in-classroom experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to this increased demand, institutions are being tasked with developing a reputable form of online education. The program needs to meet the needs of the faculty responsible for delivering the material, a growing student base, and also prospective employers. This study will look at the perspectives and problems faced by both the faculty and students as this medium for education continues to grow. In doing so, we will take a brief look at the history of online education and how its growth has affected students and faculty, both negatively and positively. INTRODUCTION Colaris, Gibson and Harris (2008) defined distance education as asynchronous or remote; computer based, and has an instructional system that supports it. Contrary to what many people believe today, distance education did not begin with the electronic age. The first recorded instance of this form of education was much earlier. Distance education began in the United States as early as the 1800s, when the University of Chicago introduced the first major correspondence by mail program based on the fact that the teacher and student were in different locations (Seibold, 2007). From these early beginnings, distance education has thrived in the U. S. for many reasons such as the expansive geographical distance between U. S. citizens from institutions, the great thirst of our citizens for education, and technologies’ rapid advancement (Casey, 2008). The technological advancement can be seen while tracing the origins of distance education. From the time of the first correspondence program in Chicago, technology has played a major role in the advancement of distance education. During the World Wars, our federal government granted radio broadcasting licenses to over 200 universities. This in turn allowed the use of radio as a medium to provide education delivery to flourish. By the early 1940’s, several schools were using both radio and mail correspondence to educate their students (Seibold, 2007). By the 1970’s and thru the 80’s cable and satellite television became a popular form of educational delivery to distance education students. With the invention of the World Wide Web in 1992, a form of distance education referred to as online education has now become readily accessible (Harasim, 2000). One can define online learning courses as a course that has at least 80% of the content delivered via the internet without traditional classroom interactions (Dykman Davis, 2008). Over the past 20 years, the innovations and technological advancement of the internet has caused an exponential growth and expansion in the delivery of online education. While at first glance this may seem like a positive advancement, there are many problems associated with this new form of distance education. This paper will focus on the growth of this online learning aspect of distance education and will address these perceived pros and cons, along with the perspectives of faculty and students alike. LITERATURE REVIEW Dykman and Davis (2008) wrote a series of three papers and in the second one, used for this research paper, the focus was answering the question of how online teaching is different from conventional methods. The article discusses topics including online course planning and organization, teaching constraints and guidelines, tutorials versus lectures, relationships among teachers and students, and student performance assessments. Bejerano (2008) looked at the increasing trend among colleges and universities of accepting the internet as a new medium of education. The shift from traditional classroom learning to online learning was studied to see whether or not the students who are taking the online courses are getting a similar quality of education as the traditional face to face students. Bejerano also looks at the universities that offer online learning and the students who enroll in these courses. In the article College Distance Education Courses, Lei Gupta (2010) evaluated the benefits and costs from the perspectives of the faculty, student, and institutions. Through their studies they have found and suggested that online education maximizes and facilitates learning more efficiently than traditional student learning. They write that although the benefits of online learning are great, there are also some costs that must be carefully evaluated and considered. Mohamed, Hassan, and Spencer (2011) they looked at and tried to measure the perceived risks student’s feel with online education. Their study developed a valid and reliable scale to measure risk of online education by using both quantitative and qualitative techniques. This study showed that the perceived risks of online education has five risk dimensions and the authors list and explain these five dimensions. In the research paper written by Seibold (2007), the author looked at the pros and cons of online education from several perspectives. In doing so, a brief history of online education was given from its early beginnings as distance education through the mail to the online education we a familiar with today. Also discussed is technologies impact on the growth of online education. GROWTH OF ONLINE EDUCATION Faculty and students are turning to the Internet and online education more and more each year to supplement, or in some cases even replace conventional approaches to classroom teaching. With the advancements in both communication technologies and the computer itself, the internet has turned online education into a powerful new tool for teaching and learning. Many say that these advancements in technology have the possibility of revolutionizing higher education with a wider reach in the marketplace for education and increased access to educational services for the students of various institutions (Dykman Davis, 2008). Online education via the collegiate level has risen at an astounding speed, and it is doing so in ways no one would have foreseen years earlier (Lei Gupta, 2010). Research done by Allen Seaman (2009) illustrates that for six consecutive years the number of students enrolled in at least one online class has continued to grow at a rate in excess of the growth rate of higher education enrollments overall. Their research showed that for the fall of 2008, 4. 6 million students were enrolled online which represented a 17 percent increase over the fall of 2007. In contrast, there were 1. million students taking at least a minimum of one online course in the fall of 2002. The growth of students from 2002 to 2008 represents a 19 percent annual growth rate. Over that same time period the vast majority of the collegiate student body increased at a growth annually of only 1. 5 percent. As of 2008, over twenty-five percent of all higher education students enrolled in at least one course online (Allen Seaman, 2009). Several of these students are considered to be off campus learners and have a wide range of work experience, ages, and family circumstances. At a number of institutes of higher learning however, close to half of the online students are estimated to be in school full-time and are students that are traditionally educated in the classroom that enrolled in an online course for reasons of scheduling or that of convenience. Most of these students are enrolled at public state-run universities, community colleges and other colleges which all offer at the very least a portion of online education (Mayadas, 2009). Virtually all of the institutions of higher learning that have the desire and capabilities to add online courses to their curriculum are currently doing so. The small number of schools that still might launch their first programs online is for the most part, small, and has a minimal impact on the overall online enrollment figures. So who is benefitting from the latest growth in online enrollments? The answer to this question is that the majority of online enrollments are coming from the large, more established schools. These schools are in a better position to be able to increase their offerings of online education. The larger institutions on average teach more students online than any other size of school. The mean number of students who are enrolled online per institution has a correlation positive to that of the actual size of the institution. The pattern may be true for both graduate and undergraduate enrollment levels’, however there is a stronger relationship among the undergraduate population. The larger institutions show a pattern of bigger online enrollments which result in a greater concentration of its online students at just a few universities. As an example, 89 percent of all the online students are studying at universities with more than one thousand online enrollments even though these institutions only make up 38 percent of the ones that offer some form of online education (Allen Seaman, 2009). The institutions that offer these online education programs are actually both public and private, as well as institutions that are for-profit like the Universities of Phoenix, Capella, and Kaplan for example. Overall, the highest rates of growth in online education are located at community colleges and also at the aforementioned institutions that are for-profit. While the for-profit institutions are growing at a fast rate and definitely meet a big need, online enrollment is still dominated for the most part by the more traditional universities who have acquired the skills, faculty acceptance, and infrastructure to allow them to compete effectively (Mayadas, 2009). CONS OF ONLINE EDUCATION Although online education has grown rapidly over the past several years, to the benefit of many, it has not done so without its share of costs/criticisms. One of the factors of online education that is having a major negative impact to the overall acceptance of distance education is the relative ease to which anyone can purchase a degree that is actually fake. The advancement of the internet has created a rise in a new form of graduate school, the diploma mill. It has become extremely easy to create a fake university online that looks like a credible major university simply by using fancy computer graphics and optimizing the search engine so that the school comes up on the first page of any online college searches (Seibold, 2007). Diploma mills are considered any institutions of higher learning that are unregulated and grant degrees with basically few academic requirements, if any. Due to these so called diploma mills, other legitimate institutions offering online courses are having a hard time establishing their credibility. It was estimated in 2002 that the sale of fake degrees topped the $200 million dollar mark around the world. Commercialization is another aspect in higher education resulting in a negative impact to the perception of online education. Commercialization among institutions is on the rise and several universities are now considered to be teaching toward a job. Many see higher education and specifically online education as becoming more and more controlled by business rather than government and because of this, courses are focused on strictly preparing for the job. This may not necessarily be a bad thing, but many say that this intense focus on job preparation leads to a less rounded student (Vukelic, 2011). With the growth in online education, faculty members see many cons in this relatively new form of online learning. First and foremost among faculty concerns is the risk of academic dishonesty increasing. Students that want to cheat will find a way to cheat regardless if the class in online or in a classroom, however research found that it is much easier for a student to cheat in an online class (Nagel, Maniam, Leavell, 2011). The eCollege system of course management continues to make changes in regard to its software packages, however students can simply use screenshots of their test questions and save them to share with other students. For this reason, faculty must think of new ways to assess their students to ensure the validity of the test results (Nagel, Maniam, Leavell, 2011). Faculty also might find that online teaching is extremely time consuming and not as rewarding as they would like. Instituting an online class demands a good deal of organization and continuous monitoring during throughout the course. In the beginning, instructors may not be familiar or trained with the tools and the technology that are available to them which makes the job of developing and translating the good practice’s of the classroom they are used to seeing, difficult to achieve (Bejerano, 2008). Once the course is created, instructors might find the rewards associated with the daily interaction and student contact which is immediate in the classroom, is now lost because of time and space. Instructors often lose their chance to mentor, lead, advise, and become a role model amongst students because of the loss of personal interaction and communication with the student on a daily basis. This doesn’t mean that teacher and student interaction totally disappears, it is just not as rich of an interaction because the online environment is more restrictive in nature. Faculty members that enjoy teaching and are excellent at motivating and engaging their students, often do not find the same dynamic with online education that allow them to show their passion and experience the joy and excitement that you get from teaching face to face (Bejerano, 2008). From a student’s view, there are also cons associated with online education. One of the major issues is that not all students or potential students have access to nor can they afford new computer technology. In some instances a teacher might want his or her students to participate in a chat session on the web or discussion on the web, however a number of students might not have the ability to immediately access the internet or the means financially to obtain a computer with high speed internet, Skype, or chat capabilities (Lei Gupta, 2010). Students are also required in many cases to have an excellent understanding of technologies and advanced skills with a computer. Oftentimes students do not have the patience for difficulties with technology that pertain to a sluggish internet connection or certain other issues related to a computer which results in a high level of anxiety from students evident through frequent email and voicemail messages especially at the beginning stages of an online course. Students are afraid that they may have missed important assignments or that they are not sure of their responsibilities (Lei Gupta, 2010). Another argument of online learning is that the chances for student’s social and academic assimilation into the learning environment or institution are minimized. These are factors that are a known contributor to student success. Basically, students taking an online course miss the campus experiences which link them to other students and faculty. Since this integration with peers and faculty is lacking, some students begin to feel isolation and alienation which could lead to students not completing their degree. However, many of these students are not aware of how important social and academic integration is and thus view online classes as a replacement to in class learning and they in turn miss the face to face educational experience. The traditional classroom setting provides students with not only a great education, but it gives them a community of their peers where they can engage, interact, and be supportive of one another (Bejerano, 2008). Although there are many cons associated with online education, growth has been staggering which leads us to believe that the pros are outweighing the cons. PROS OF ONLINE EDUCATION Around the world universities and colleges are turning to the internet as a new method of instruction at a rapid rate as seen from the rapid growth stated above. Recent research has shown that the effect of online learning has been positive. Studies conducted in the area of legal, communication and social work reported no difference of significance between the traditional forms of education and that of online learning. This is true so long as the student has the proper technology and the technology works well (Seibold, 2007). In fact, the technological skills that are gained through the virtual classroom benefit the student and have become a second learning outcome. In terms of the positive effect online education has had on educational institutions, there are important and significant benefits that have led to the significant growth levels we see today. It has become apparent to educators involved in higher learning that the continued growth and demand of online education is changing the way instruction is delivered in a major way. Probably the most significant positive impact of the technology of online learning is that the limitation of space and time that used to exist has been removed for the most part by networking capabilities. Even during the major budget crisis of the past several years, universities are still embracing the same philosophies and educational missions which are to educate their students. The offering of online courses has allowed institutions to meet the educational needs of those students. Online classes tend to reach a broader audience with students from varying geographic areas than do the conventional classrooms. Online courses can help students who are isolated geographically, disabled, or have extremely busy schedules actually obtain a quality education. Additionally, online learning does wonders to decrease classrooms that have become overcrowded. The online classes allow faculty and institutions to present additional courses at the most popular times demanded throughout the course of the week, which maximizes the resources available that are in short supply by increasing the flexibility of scheduling class. Students that may have had a schedule conflict can simply enroll in an online course. While comparing costs between educating a student in a traditional classroom versus an online course, the latter can decrease the costs of paper as well as the costs associated with photocopying since the majority of communication is done via email. Institutional costs also lessen as its students grow to be more knowledgeable about the multiple resources that are made accessible on the internet. Universities can now communicate effectively with their students and faculty by electronic means which reduces costs of printing class schedules, bulletins, upcoming campus and academic events as well as other forms of advertisements. Students and educators alike believe that by using online learning technology that they are promoting the green revolution, giving them the benefit of personal satisfaction of being socially responsible (Lei Gupta, 2010). An institution’s faculty can also benefit from the use of online learning as a tool for education. An important benefit of online education for faculty is that the online environment is both place and time independent. Online learning provides professors with flexibility and convenience (Nagel, Maniam, Leavell, 2011). Due to the decreasing demand of work, an institution’s faculty is now able to present papers, attend conferences, and take part in university recruiting. An additional benefit of the online learning environment is that it trains students in the same technology that is giving global corporations a competitive advantage and allows them to build communities of international knowledge at the same time. Another positive impact of the steady rise of online learning is that this medium provides opportunities for students and faculty to interact as well as students to interact with each other during online discussions which might promote critical thinking and deep learning. By using online teams and round table type discussions students are sure to develop the sharing of knowledge and the construction of global communities of knowledge (Lei Gupta, 2010). Many faculty members feel that there is a personal dialogue that occurs among them and their students in an online classroom setting that they simply do not get in the traditional classroom. Faculty reported that by using electronic communication, students are able to be involved more than they are in a traditional in-class setting. In general, aculty perceive that students often are more relaxed and open in expressing their ideas when they are blogging and chatting via the internet, as opposed to face-to-face interaction in the classroom. While there are many positive aspects of online education for the institutions and faculty, students also see the positives as well. Students rely heavily on the computer and internet applications when learning in online courses. The teachers have limited face to fac e communication which may remove any misinterpretations that may occur due to possible poor communication skills by an instructor. Students enrolled in an online class can take the class wherever they are in the world. If they are taking a traditional campus course, they have to become accustomed to different classroom cultures, and form various learning styles to accommodate their professors. Students often can do away with this bias through online learning (Lei Gupta, 2010). Another positive in the eyes of students is the flexible nature of the course and the independence they have to work at their own speed. Online students also have the ability to hold a full-time job during the day, managing their schoolwork and studying at night and on the weekends. Students can access courses and engage in online learning from anywhere in the world. Many universities are beginning to account for students with busy family and work schedules. Since many students rely on a steady stream of income to cover bills and other expenses, several universities have turned their marketing efforts to take into account the working adult’s lifestyle. Many accredited institutions are recognizing the need for a program that is time sensitive and are adjusting their curriculum for that reason. If students have certain family and job responsibilities but still wish to carry on with learning and developing in their career, online learning is an excellent option. Students also no longer have to worry about daily parking and commuting issues associated with driving to campus. Not having to drive to class is a positive aspect to a student that is trying to live a more frugal and greener lifestyle. Since the materials, coursework, and teacher is accessible anytime and anywhere, there is not a need to commute to campus which thusly translates to lowering carbon emissions. Without having to travel to class, students are able to save money on gas and are able to decrease the amount of wear and tear that commuting puts on their vehicle (Nagel, Maniam, Leavell, 2011). As you can see, there are several positive factors that have led to the growth in online education FACULTY PERCEPTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES Whether you see online learning in a positive or negative light, it is continuing to grow at a rapid pace and many faculty members have strong feelings and perspectives about it. Faculty members are attempting to adapt to the increasing demand for online education while universities and other institutions of higher education are steering toward online methods of course instruction as an answer to increasing number of student enrollments. Innovation in online education is imperative to not only meet the growing need in the marketplace for higher education, but also to sustain the continued advancement and growth of today’s institutions. In a traditional, classroom-setting education, faculty generally implements a standard 40-40-20 to their workload. This is in reference to the total hours spent instructing a course. Teaching in the classroom accounts for 40% of time spent, 40% spent on course-related research, and the remaining 20% of workload is dedicated to service (Mupinga Maughan, 2008). This formula for teaching, however, can bring about obstacles when applied to instruction of web-based courses. The inherent nature of a successful online course requires a certain level of technical â€Å"know-how†, technical support capabilities, a need for infrastructure, and an altered course organization from that of a traditional course format, which can create a significant disconnect between time spent and compensation earned. It is not difficult for one to clearly understand the concerns that faculty face when expected to provide online course instruction. Unfortunately some professors who have never instructed an online course have mistakenly believed the process would be fairly easy, and flexible, unaware of the significant challenges that exist in the creation of the course program. However, often times, professors are very well aware of the technological difficulties related to online course delivery causing them to be apprehensive over participating in this method of education. Colaris, Gibson, Harris, 2008) Some feel that with the increased demand of time required to effectively educate students through an online course, there should be an increase of compensation to match. However, it is commonly understood by most instructors that additional compensation will not be paid for teaching an online course. Most likely it is the case that additional pay would only be applied if the course enrollment nu mbers become unmanageable or if the technology tools necessary for course development are not provided. These very issues of workload and pay are those that universities and other institutions absolutely must address in order to sustain successful efforts to provide an answer to the needs of online education, while maintaining a focus on achieving their own unique goals within the world of education (Orr, Pennington, Williams, 2009). Additionally, as universities are continually expanding their reach, and aiming to bring in higher numbers of enrollment, further hiring of faculty is necessary to serve the student body as well as redesign and devise innovative methods of online education (Good Peca, 2007). Older generations of students are continually seeking out both new skills and new knowledge to adapt to an ever-changing marketplace and economic landscape, adding to the demand for institutions and universities to provide effective and relevant options for online education (Kolowich, 2009). Simultaneously, institutions of education are continually looking for creative solutions to sidestep tuition hikes as they suffer the microscope of tight budget constraints. Aside from the technological, budget, and staffing concerns that go along with an online course, an important question to ask for faculty members responsible for providing quality online instruction is whether or not the institutions where they are employed are effectively responding to the obstacles facing them in both planning and executing the courses. Overall, most faculty members feel that the institutions are doing a satisfactory job in addressing the concerns, though there are still some specific areas that need adjustment and improvement as this sector of education becomes higher in demand. In terms of compensation and allowance of time off, faculty are well-pleased. These are not however, typical motivating factors for educators. The faculty members at institutions of higher education tend to genuinely enjoy their profession, and are committed to furthering their careers in education. Excelling in the realm of online education instruction only adds to, and broadens the spectrum of their experience, helping them remain competitive in today’s market of higher education where online instruction is no longer just an option, but an expectation of most students seeking higher education. In large part, educators are motivated by concern for meeting education needs of the students, leaving this to be the main factor that drives ongoing dedication. They hold a strong interest in making sure there are ample avenues for students to acquire their degrees and complete their education in a timely fashion. Faculty of higher education believe that they are morally and ethically obligated to provide alternative learning formats for the benefit of the students, while some also feel it is important for students to take part in, and experience what the environment of online learning has to offer. Generally, professors share a similar set of values, with compassion, caring, and commitment to their students’ education at the core, fueling the motivation for teaching. Naturally, the effective development of a quality online course is a legitimate concern across the board. Simultaneously the concern of adequate time allotment is consistently a concern at hand with faculty members. When it comes to online education, a member of faculty serves both as role of instructor as well as the role of facilitator. For an instructor to make a quality online learning experience possible for the students, there is the prerequisite of a higher time commitment from that faculty member. Clearly this concern could be mitigated by additional support staff to take part in the workload of online course development. The professors must be involved with the development of online courses at various levels of the process. They are the sole individuals responsible for the content to be taught in the class, but this allows them a solid understanding of course structure. There are many institutions that are beginning to provide teams of developmental support to work alongside faculty members, to remove some of the pressure, as they will then have the ability to delegate much of the basic development activities to the support staff. For some professors who are accustomed to the freedom and creative flexibility of teaching in a traditional setting, learning to adapt to collaboration with a course facilitator or online course development team can be somewhat of a difficult adjustment. For these, the open access to their course through the online system by administrators or other faculty can cause them to feel uneasy, making it the change in course medium quite challenging to accept. A loss of control at some degree exists, so this challenge to their teaching habits and preferred style of course conduct is still very real to many, even after mastering the technology involved with instructing an online course (Dykman Davis, 2008). However, as a professor gains experience with the technology, process, and systems of online course development, the amount of required ongoing support from other staff will decrease. Many professors feel that the learning curve in transitioning into online course instruction may be significant, but moving forward into this method of educating students is pertinent to the ongoing growth of their careers as well as the future success of their institution. In order to support and enhance an instructor’s success with online classes, it is best that the faculty members have a clear understanding of exactly how their programs work into the bigger picture of the institution’s efforts (Orr, Pennington, Williams, 2009). The members of faculty need to have clarity and specification of their institutions goals and direction to truly be fully committed to online learning. It is then possible for an instructor to ensure that his or her efforts of designing an online course fit nicely within the framework of their institution. Just as traditional classes, it is very important for online courses to fall in line with the objectives of the school goals. By insisting that these objectives be met, an institution can communicate an unambiguous message of the value and significance of the activities crucial to web-based learning programs. This sets up the instructors for a greater level of focus in designing and implementing an online course with the same degree of passion in educating online students, as they express in instructing a traditional classroom. This can likely lead to higher student success and personal satisfaction of faculty. In addition to creating an environment to encourage internal gratification of educators’ efforts, it is essential for universities and other institutions to provide substantial outward recognition of instructors’ online teaching efforts by department. By instilling a stronger system of recognition for online instruction and providing an outline of how opportunity for promotion is possible, instructors are more likely to increase their skills and master online course development in such a way that meets the institutions standards and goals, ultimately fulfilling the student body’s growing expectation of high-quality online education. It is also critical that institution solicit input from the teaching faculty when addressing various quality concerns of online courses and the reality of student learning outcomes. The majority of professors want to ensure that their students receive an excellent education experience, therefore are open to accepting suggestions to improve the overall efficacy of current programs. This cooperation between instructors, staff support and administration will enhance every aspect of the overall design and delivery of online courses. In planning for an increase of online education courses to meet today’s demand, it is imperative that institutions take into account the motivation behind faculty charged with instructing them. By clearly understanding why an instructor is driven to educate, an institution can help show them the value of teaching online. It is then possible to lead faculty members to appreciate exactly how online learning programs are critical in accomplishing the institution’s ability to offer a diversity of courses required to meet the students’ educational needs. Aiding faculty in understanding the true value of online education will increase their proficiency of online class development as well as instruction. This type of support and motivation is a key element in teaching a course online, as faculty members in general need to feel a sense that their efforts add value to the institution where they teach. Online education has become a proven method for fulfilling the learning needs of today’s students. This can be seen from its exponential growth over the past few years, and for universities and colleges planning to further develop and enhance online education courses, they stand to benefit greatly from ongoing research into methods of faculty motivation. STUDENT PERCEPTIONS PERSPECTIVES With online education growing like it is in universities, students are now granted the choice to attend traditional face-to-face classes or choose an online option. Today’s online education opportunities allow students to meet their educational goals in a convenient, flexible, and cost effective manner. While having a bevy of educational options open to them is great, there are many risks that students perceive to go along with the positive aspects of an online education. There is no such thing as a typical student, however online education courses tend to attract mature students hat have several demands on their time so they tend to be in particular fairly discerning regarding their courses. This is the result of the conflicts the course could potentially create with the students’ personal and professional commitments and also because there is a tendency for students to either pay for their own education or be sponsored by their employer. Therefore institutions that pr ovide online education must be conscious of the fact that they are dealing with a student body that value their education and are more than willing to criticize the courses they feel are wasting valuable money and time. These students share in the fact that they invest a substantial amount of time, money, and effort so they are conscious of the way that their investment is being used and/or misused (Tricker, Rangecroft, Long, 2001). As demand for online education continues to rise, online students are seeking programs with the best reputations, so it is imperative that educators strive to meet the highest standards in this regard. The risks a student perceives while making the decision on whether or not to take an online class are many, especially considering those students who are new to the concept of online courses. The student may be attracted to this type of education because of its convenience, but at the same time, they may be concerned about course effectiveness, their ability to interact and communicate with their classmates, and the likelihood of their success. Mohamed, Hassan, Spencer (2011) define risk as â€Å"the variation in the distribution of possible outcomes, their likelihood and their subjective values† (Mohamed, Hassan, Spencer, 2011). The decision to take an online class can involve some risk because in doing so, there could be uncertain or unexpected consequences which may be negative in nature. Potential students might wonder if they will be able to learn online as well as they do in a traditional classroom setting, whether or not they will have communication with their teachers and/or peers, if their grades may suffer, and whether they will be able to finish their course on time and so on. The perception of these various issues, accurate or not, will likely affect potential student’s intention to enroll in an online course. There is a perceived psychological risk that reflects the concern regarding the tension and discomfort that might arise due to enrollment in an online education ourse. Research has shown that some online students often feel more isolated, anxious, frustrated, and confused than a traditional student does (Mohamed, Hassan, Spencer, 2011). In addition, online education students can also experience a reduced feeling of belonging to the class and may miss the participation and discussions associated with a traditional university classroom. It is very important that instructors stay sensitive to the needs of the students, and have programs in place to reduce these emotional reactions by creating a culture of involvement. Finally, there is some research that suggests online students might fear they will be unable to complete their course work because of lack of discipline, self-motivation, and writing skills. Today the attrition rates for online students are 10 to 20 percent higher than those of students in a traditional classroom setting (Dobs, Waid, Carmen, 2009). Performance risk is related to concerns of whether the program will deliver benefits promised or perform as desired. Many students experience some form of technical problems during their course (Mohamed, Hassan, Spencer, 2011). And at times, online students perceive instructors to be less prepared, use teaching methodologies that are not appropriate, and often give bigger workloads than are given in traditional classrooms. Online students also show less satisfaction than their counterparts on campus with the degree of interaction with their instructor and it primarily occurs when they did not grasp the material in the lecture. Additionally, online students have reported that their understanding of the subject increases at a lesser rate and the course held less value than the students participating in a traditional classroom. Further, the perceived risk of time demand involves the fear surrounding the required amount of time and the effort that is required to complete the online course. Many students see the convenience and flexibility of taking online courses as a major benefit, however for those that are full time employees or have obligations with their family; concerns often arise about the demands on their time. In a study of student perceptions in online learning performed by Eom and Wen, the study participants often complained about losing work that was previously saved, the length of assignments, and the slow times of screen loads. Another item of note reported by online students is the frustration they felt with the time that was spent doing online administrative service tasks like ordering textbooks, advising, and library access (Eom Wen, 2006). Students also feel a form of social risk that is related to the concern they have regarding what others will think about their degree. Students might fear that their online degree will not be accepted well by family, friends, or most importantly by employers. This perceived risk is an important hurdle that institutions face in attracting online education students. Finally, the last source of perceived risks that students face is source risk. Source risk is the concern for the credibility of the institution that is offering the online education course. When students are deciding on whether or not to enroll in an online course they often worry about the reputation of the institution, the institution’s location, and whether the online program will accept other institutions transfer credits. The students also may worry that potential employers might question the value of the online education institution in comparison to an education in a traditional manner (Mohamed, Hassan, Spencer, 2011). CONCLUSION Through the research conducted for this paper, it is evident that online education is not only here to stay but growing at a rapid pace. From the beginning of distance education in the early 1800’s to today’s online learning, the advancements in technology have been immense. This advancement in technology has opened up education possibilities to student’s from all walks of life and connected students from all over the world. The first people to embrace this new revolution of online learning were the educators and now with the new and improved online learning tools and amplified opportunities in education, society as a whole is being influenced in ways never seen before. As we delve into the 21st century, the implications behind this newfound educational conversion are beginning to be recognized by the public at large. With it we have seen an extraordinary level of investment, changes in public feelings, and a fury of (sometime not realistic) expectations regardless of the progress that has been made in altering pedagogic and institutional strategies. As we move forward, online education is no longer supplementary or peripheral, it has turned into a vital part of mainstream society (Smith Mitry, 2008). Though we have seen that there are many pros and cons as well as varying perceptions among students and faculty, no one can deny the level of growth in online education over the years. It is obvious from the growth seen that the pros are outweighing the cons as well as the rewards outweighing the risks for both faculty and students alike. Only time will tell when this explosion of growth in online enrollment and the technology advancements will level off but for now online education is here to stay and growing rapidly. Dedication to advancement and growth in online course development by institutions and instructors alike are pertinent to the future of today’s student. References Adams, J. , DeFleur, M. (2006). The Acceptability of Online Degrees Earned as a Credential for Obtaining Employment. Communication Education, 32-45. Allen, E. , Seaman, J. (2009). Learning on Demand. The Sloan Consortium, 1-24 Bejerano, A. (2008). The Genesis and Evolution of Online Degree Programs: Who Are They for and What Have We Lost Along the Way? Communication Education, 408-414. Casey, D. (2008). The Historical Development of Distance Education Through Technology. Tech Trends, Vol. 52, No. 2. Colaris, S. M. , Gibson, S. G. , Harris, M. L. (2008). Technology Acceptance in an Academic Context: Faculty Acceptance of Online Education. Journal of Education for Business, 355-359. Columbaro, N. Monaghan, C. (2009). Employer Perceptions of Online Degrees: A Literature Review. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, Vol. 7, No. 1. Conceicao, S. C. O. (2006). Faculty Lived Experiences in the Online Environment. Adult Education Quarterly, 26-45. Dobbs, R. , Waid, C. , Carmen, A. (2009). Students’ Perceptions of Online Courses – The Effect of Online Course Experience. The Q uarterly Review of Distance Education, 9-26. Dykman, C. , Davis, C. (2008). Online Education Forum. Journal of Information Systems Education, Vol. 19, No. 1. Eom, S. Wen, J. (2006). The Determinants of Student’s Perceived Learning Outcomes and Satisfaction in University Online Education: An Impirical Investigation. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, Vol. 4, No. 2. Good, K. Peca, K. (2007). The Hidden Hypocrisy of University Faculty Regarding Online Instruction. Curriculum and Teaching Dialogue, 267-277. Lei, S. Gupta, R. College Distance Education Courses: Evaluating Benefits and Costs from Institutional, Faculty, and Students’ Perspectives, Distance Education Vol. 130, No. 4. Maughan, G. R Mupinga, D. M. (2008), Web-Based Instruction and Community College Faculty Workload. College Teaching, 56. Mayadas, A. (2009). Online Education Today. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, Vol. 13, No. 2. Mohamed, F. , Hassan, A. , Spencer, B. (2011). Conceptualization and Measurement of Perceived Risk of Online Education. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, Volume 15, No. 4. Nagel, S. , Maniam, B. , Leavell, H. (2010). Pros and Cons of Online Education for Educators and Students. International Journal of Business Research, Vol. 11, No. 6. Orr, R. , Pennington, K. , Williams, M. R. (2009). Institutional Efforts to Support Faculty in Online Teaching. Innovative Higher Education, 34, 257-268. Seibold, K. (2007). Employers’ Perceptions of Online Education. The University of Oklahoma Thesis, 1-130. Smith, E. , Mitry, D. (2008). Investigation of Higher Education: The Real Costs and Quality of Online Programs. Journal of Education for Business, 147-152. Tricker, T. , Rangecroft, M. , Long, P. (2001). Evaluating Distance Education Courses: The Student Perception. Assessment Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol. 26. Vukelic, B. (2011). Employer’s Evaluation of Online Education. DAAM International, 1471-1472. How to cite Online Education, Essay examples

Will Tv Succumb to the Internet free essay sample

Widespread use of high-speed Internet access, powerful PCs with high-resolution display screens, iPhones and other mobile handhelds, and leading-edge file-sharing services have made downloading of video content from movies and television shows faster and easier than ever. Free and often illegal downloads of some TV shows are abundant. But the Internet is also providing new ways for television studios to distribute and sell their content, and they are trying to take advantage of that opportunity. YouTube, which started up in February 2005, quickly became the most popular video-sharing Web site in the world. Even though YouTube’s original mission was to provide an outlet for amateur filmmakers, clips of copyrighted Hollywood movies and television shows soon proliferated on the YouTube Web site. It is difficult to gauge how much proprietary content from TV shows winds up on YouTube without the studios’ permission. Viacom claimed in a 2008 lawsuit that over 150,000 unauthorized clips of its copyrighted television programs had appeared on YouTube. YouTube tries to discourage its users from posting illegal clips by limiting the length of videos to 10 minutes each and by removing videos when requested by their copyright owner. YouTube has also implemented Video ID filtering and digital fingerprinting technology that allows copyright owners to compare the digital fingerprints of their videos with material on YouTube and then flag infringing material. Using this technology, it is able to filter may unauthorized videos before they appear on the YouTube web site. If infringing videos do make it online, they can be tracked using Video ID. The television industry is also striking back by embracing the Internet as another delivery system for its content. Television broadcast networks such as NBC Universal, Fox, and CNN have put television shows on their own Web sites. In march 2007, NBC Universal, News Corp (the owner of Fox Broadcasting), and ABC Inc. set up Hulu. com, a Web site offering streaming video of television shows and movies from NBC, Fox, ABC, Comedy Central, PBS, USA Network, Bravo, FX, Speed, Sundance, Oxygen, Onion News Network, and other networks. Hulu also syndicates its hosting to other sites, including AOL, MSN, Facebook, MySpace, Yahoo, and Fancast. com, and allows users to embed Hulu clips in their Web site. The site is free to viewers and supported by advertising commercials. CBS’s TV. com Case Study Article Trimester 49 7 Chapter 3: Kenneth C. Laudon Jane P. Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems, 9th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2011 and Joost are other popular Web television sites. Content from all of these sites is viewable over iPhones. What if there are so many TV shows available for free on the Web that â€Å"Hulu households† cancel their cable subscriptions to watch free TV online? Cable service operators have begun worrying, especially when the cable networks posted some of their programming on the Web. In July 2009, cable TV operator Comcast Corporation began a trial program to bring some Time Warner network shows, including TBS’s My Boys and TNT’s The Closer to the Web. Other cable networks, including AE and the History Channel, participated in the Comcast test. By making more television shows available online, but only for cable subscribers, the cable networks hope to preserve and possibly expand the cable TV subscription model in an increasingly digital world. â€Å"The vision is you can watch your favorite network’s programming on any screen,† noted Time Warner Chief Executive Jeff Bewkes. The system used in the Comcast-Time Warner trial is interoperable with cable service providers’ systems to authenticate subscribers. The same technology might also allow cable firms to provide demographic data for more targeted ads and perhaps more sophisticated advertising down the road. Cable programmers also stand to earn more advertising revenue because viewers can’t skip ads on TV programs streamed from the Web as they do with traditional TV. Web versions of some television shows in the Comcast-Time Warner trial program, including TNT’s The Closer, will carry the same number of ads as seen on traditional TV, which amounts to more than four times the ad load on many Internet sites, including Hulu. Many hour-long shows available online are able to accommodate five or six commercial breaks, each with a single 30-second ad. NBC universal Digital Entertainment has even streamed episodes of series, including The Office, with two ads per break. According to research firm eMarketer, these Web-videos ads will generate $1. 5 billion in ad revenue in 2010 and $2. 1 billion in 2011. Will all of this work out for cable industry? It’s still too early to tell. Although the cable programming companies want an online presence to extend their brands, they don’t want to cannibalize TV subscriptions or viewership ratings that generate advertising revenue. Customers accustomed to YouTube and Hulu may rebel if too many ads are shown online. According to Oppenheimer analyst Tim Horan, cable companies will start feeling the impact of customers canceling subscriptions to view online video and TV by 2012. Edward Woo, an Internet and digital media analyst for Wedbush Morgan Securities in Los Angeles predicts that in a few years, â€Å"it should get extremely interesting. † Hulu and other Web TV and video sites will have much deeper content, and the technology to deliver that content to home viewers will be more advanced.

Piety Is a Part of Justice free essay sample

Individuals are not rigid or stable and certainly not universal. He gives no support to his statement; he simply asserts it, as if it should be obvious. Socrates says that defining piety as, what [ Typhoon is] doing now, is not a sufficient definition because it is simply an example of piety. Something cannot be defined by an example. Typhoon cannot base a definition of piety on his own actions. He commits the fallacy of self-reference; using his own actions as the standard. The standard Typhoon gives, (himself), Is not specific or universal enough for others to use In Judging their own actions.Therefore It falls as a useful standard of piety. Typhoons second definition is that piety is that which is dear to the gods. In other words, actions that are pleasing to the gods are pious, and actions that are displeasing to them are impious. Socrates pretends to be pleased with this definition because Typhoon seems as if he may have finally provided a model with which to measure all pious things. We will write a custom essay sample on Piety Is a Part of Justice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Typhoon states that actions being pleasing to the gods provides a standard that should enable everyone to recognize what is pious and hat is impious.Socrates reminds him that piety and Impiety are not the same thing, they are opposites. The gods do not seem to agree on much of anything, let alone that which Is Just or good, and certainly that which Is pleasing. So the same thing that Is loved by one of piety. What Is pious of one god may be Impious to another. Typhoons second definition is inherently self- contradictory. Therefore it is certainly not useful as a standard of measuring piety. Typhoons third definition of piety states that, piety is that which is dear to all the gods.In other words, anything that all the gods love, in unanimous agreement, is pious. That which they all collectively hate, is impious. To check the validity of this argument, Socrates then is it pious because they love it? This may simply be circular reasoning. Although Its certainly an interesting question, It fails to supply any qualities that are universally valid. Socrates and Typhoon seem to agree that the gods love piety because It Is pious, not that something Is defined as pious because It Is loved by the gods. However, they both completely fall at defining piety.Not only In this particular argument, but throughout the whole story they fall In this endeavor. The statement that, the pious is loved by the gods because it is pious, never of piety, that it is loved by all of the gods. This statement still fails to supply an unchanging standard with which to measure piety. In conclusion, Socrates appears to long for a perfect, personal and unchanging standard for piety, ( a faultless, unchanging god perhaps), based on a flawless being whose moral standards are perfect and concrete. Unfortunately, both Socrates and Typhoon fail to give any specific instances of either piety or Justice. However, they do deal with the criteria by which such standards could be found. Typhuss argument that piety is a part of Justice, specifically that part concerning the care of the gods, comes closer to satisfying Socrates than all the other arguments. At least this definition uses skillful service as the criteria as opposed to the previous definitions which use Typhoon himself, the emotional, ever-changing gods, and that which all the gods can agree on. We can only answer Socrates primary question, what is piety), once we have a solid, universal standard by which to measure piety.The statement that piety is a part of Justice comes the closest to answering Socrates inquiry because Justice is as close to a universal, unchanging standard that Typhoon ever reaches in this particular dialogue. Justice at least has somewhat of a solid meaning. Although it may differ slightly from society to society and era to era, it is certainly more universal than an individual (Typhoon) or the gods, and what they find pleasing. For our purposes, it is as close to a standard that is ever reached in Deputy

5 Steps on How to Get Organized in College

5 Steps on How to Get Organized in College With all that you have to balance, getting organized in college can sometimes seem like both a hopeless and useless task. After all, what kind of person can create order out of so much chaos?! You might be surprised, however, to learn just how easy it can be to get organized during your time in school. 1. First and Foremost, Have a Time Management System Whether youre a super senior or an incoming first-year student, time will be your most precious commodity. Just when you need it the most, it will seem the most scarce. And you will rarely if ever, feel like you have enough of it. Consequently, having a good time management system that you use is critical for getting organized - and staying that way - during your time in school. After all, how are you supposed to know what youre supposed to be doing if you arent even sure, well, what youre supposed to be doing? 2. Write Down All Your Academic Responsibilities When you first get your syllabi at the beginning of the semester, find a quiet table at a coffee shop, get a cup of coffee, and sit down with your calendar. Put everything thats on your syllabi into the calendar: when classes meet, when things like required films and labs are scheduled, when midterms are, when classes are canceled, when finals and papers are due. And when you think youre all done putting everything in, double check your work and do it again. Once you have everything inputted into your time management system, you can rest assured that youll know about all required course assignments well before their deadline. Sometimes, just knowing whats coming down the pipeline can account for 90% of your organization prowess. 3. Go Through Something Once a Week It sounds strange, but youll likely be surprised at just how helpful this rule can be when it comes to staying organized in college. At least once a week, go through and organize something. It can be your backpack; it can be your bank statement; it can be your desk; it can be your email. You undoubtedly, however, will find something that slipped your mind or that youve been meaning to get to. And if you hadnt have gone through that item, you would likely have forgotten all about it. 4. Have a Budget and Check in on It Regularly A major part of being organized in college is staying on top of your finances. Even if most of your costs, like room and board in the residence halls, are taken care of through the financial aid office, staying on top of your money situation is still important. Being organized means knowing whats going on in your college life at any given point in time. If you arent sure how much money is in your account - or, worse, if youll have enough to make it through the semester or quarter - you arent organized. So stay on top of your budget and know where youre money has gone, where it is, and where its headed. 5. Be Proactive and Plan in Advance You know that guy down the hall who always is stressing out and cramming last minute for exams? Or that girl who freaks out every time she has a paper due the next day? Chances are youd be hard pressed to find someone who would describe either of them as organized. If you know whats coming - holidays, major events, midterms, papers, lab reports, finals - you can plan in advance and avoid unnecessary chaos. And if you know whats coming, you can organize your life (e.g., get enough sleep) far enough in advance that you can still enjoy yourself during even the worst of the worst.

APPLE INCORPORATED Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

APPLE INCORPORATED - Essay Example Liquidity Ratio Initially, the liquidity ratio for Apple needs to be evaluated. This ratio determines the company’s capacity to pay short-term debts2 The formula for calculating the liquidity ratio is current assets divided by current liabilities. 2010 (in USD) (numbers in thousands) 2009 (in USD) (numbers in thousands) Current Assets 43,927,000 31,555,000 Current Liabilities 23,795,000 11,506,000 Liquidity Ratio 1.84 2.74 Working Capital 20,132,000 20,049,000 In the above table, working capital has also been calculated which has been obtained by subtracting current assets by current liabilities. The table depicts that Apple Inc has positive working capital and this shows that Apple has the capability to pay their debts3 Debt-to-Equity Ratio 2010 (in USD) (numbers in thousands) 2009 (in USD) (numbers in thousands) Total Liabilities 32,076,000 15,861,000 Shareholders’ Equity 54,666,000 31,640,000 Debt to Equity Ratio 0.58 0.50 When there is high debt to equity ratio, it generally indicates high amount of debt utilised by the company in order to finance its operation. It is evident from the above result that Apple has low debt to equity ratio and thereby its assets are financed by means of shareholders equity instead of long term debts4 Net Profit Margin Ratio 2010 (September) (in USD) (numbers in thousands) 2009 (September) (in USD) (numbers in thousands) Net Income 14,013,000 8,235,000 Net Sales 65,225,000 42,905,000 Net profit Margin Ratio 21% 19% A strong net profit margin is one factor that can effectively control the cost of the organisation and show the operational efficiency. It has been found that there has been significant improvement in the net profit margin ratio of Apple in comparison... The intention of this study is Apple Inc that was previously known as Apple Computers. It is a multinational corporation with its headquarters in United States of America. The main business of the company has been to market and create consumer electronics, personal computers and to market consumer electronics. The company has four main divisions in which the company operates. It had been reorganised in the year 1988 as Apple USA, Apple Europe along with Apple Pacific and Apple Products. The various strategic business units of the company are portable digital music players, media devices, peripherals, third-party digital contents as well as applications. Its numerous products and services consist of Macintosh Computers, iPads, iPhones, iPod, Apple, Xserve and Apple TV, service as well as support systems. It can be stated that Apple Inc has been capable of achieving great success since last few years because of the methods and the procedures used for marketing its products. In addition to these, the company’s strategy also consist of expansion of its distribution channels so that it can reach more and more number of customers effectively and therefore provide the customers with goods which are of high quality and also offer after-sales services to them. Apple Inc. received great success from numerous products such as iPhones, iPods as well as iTunes. The communication strategy followed by the company is quite simple, clear, clever and sober. It makes use of TV advertisements, prints advertisements as well as online advertisements in order to lure the customers

Netflix in 2012 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Netflix in 2012 - Case Study Example The five forces model has been rated in the table as shown. Netflix Company currently experiences medium entry barriers. The company does not experience much of the entry barriers. However, the company receives low cost of switching powers concerning the capital requirements thus enhancing financial stability. Besides, Netflix seems to be one of the leading movie rental companies with decline in the identity and loyalty to subscription (Thompson 140). The organizational returns are mainly linked to customers’ returns that have bargaining power in terms of the quantity of order, while most customers are not willing to make streams as before. The above is because most customers have found alternatives to watching movies. The organization experiences different types of competitors from all corners of the world including Amazon and blockbusters who deal in similar products. As in the case above, Netflix needs to redefine the strategy and offer the best video on demand based on customers experience (Thompson 147). The company experience high level of competitiveness splitting along two main service provisions, pay TV distributors and cash technological companies. For instance, the organization experiences Apple cash balance leading to a decline in sales from 11.84 to $77.37 in Nov 2011. It has also been facilitated by low switching cost of consumers (Thompson 140). The organization experiences high bargaining power of suppliers with the quality in content-based as part of the organizational key input. Otherwise, there is no specific substitute for movie contents. Therefore, suppliers are limited to high-quality contents (Thompson 140). As from the year 2000, the movie industry has experienced quite a big mode of transition from technology to electronics and multiple consumer opportunities. For instance, current

Internal Combustion And Diesel Engines Engineering Essay

Internal Combustion And Diesel Engines Engineering Essay Since the time when the internal combustion engines were devised, it continued to develop as our cognition of engine processes has increased, as new engineerings became available, as demand for new types of engine arose, and as environmental constraints on engine apply changed. Internal combustion engine, and the industries that develop and manufacture them and support their use, now play a dominant role in the fields of power, propulsion, and energy. The last century has seen an explosive growth in engine research and development as the issues of air pollution, fuel cost. Market competitiveness has become increasingly important. John B. Heywood, Internal combustion engine fundamentals. 1988. The internal combustion engine is classed as spark-ignition engines, sometimes called Otto engines, or gasoline engines or petrol engines, though other fuels can be used, and compression ignition or diesel engines, because their manufacturing is not complex, these two types of engine have found wide application in transportation (land, sea, and air) and power generation. As one of the main components in an engine, pistons technological evolution is expected to continue and they are expected to be stronger, lighter, thinner and durable. The main reason of this continuous attempt of evolution is based on the fact that the piston may be regarded the heart of an engine. Internal combustion engines, dating back to 1876 , when developed the first Otto engine spark plugs, and 1892 when he invented the diesel engine, compression ignition. Internal combustion engine is the engine that fuel combustion occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in the combustion chamber. In the expansion of the internal combustion engine at high temperature and pressure of the gases, this is being produced by combustion, and applies directly to a force transmitted from the engine, such as turbine blades or pistons and transmission distance, and the generation of useful mechanical energy. The longer the internal combustion engine usually refers to the combustion engine, which is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variables, such as the Wankel rotary engine. A second category of internal combustion engines, the use of sustained combustion: gas turbines and jet engines, and most of the rocket engines, each one of which is internal combustion engines on the same principle as described earlier. Internal combustion engine (or ice) differs completely from the external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, which are delivered energy means of action does not consist of, or mixed with contaminated products of combustion. Factor may be liquids, air, hot water, water pressure or even sodium liquid, and hot some type of boilers from fossil fuels and nuclear energy for burning wood, and solar energy and to a large number of different designs for the International Exploration of the Sea have been developed and built, with a variety of different strengths and weaknesses. Powered by energy-intensive fuel (which is often the very means of gasoline derived from fossil fuels) ICE delivers power to weight ratio is excellent with few safety or other defects. While there were still many stationary applications, the true power of internal combustion engines in mobile applications, which controls the supp ly of energy for cars, planes and boats, from the smallest to the largest. Only to hand power tools it is not part of the market share with a battery-powered device. Engines can be classified in many different ways: By the engine cycle used, the layout of the engine, source of energy, the use of the engine, or by the cooling system employed. While there are many cut and dried reasons for aluminum piston failure can be attributed to the majority of a group of different circumstances. Air / fuel, coolant, and regulated the relationship between oil and the engine of the different temperature cylinder liner is critical to maintain the proper operation of all components of the cylinder. Can be for a variety of conditions cause excessive growth of the piston or melt, and lead all degrees, including the disastrous results in the engine malfunction . To redress the balance between the air fuel ratio of the engine is the most important for longevity piston, durability and proper process engine. The combination of a lot of fuel or air very few have the same result the growth of thermal erosion of the piston crown. This can be attributed to the blockage of the air intakes, restricted exhaust, turbo malfunction, fuel pump is incorrect and the contamination of the injector calibration, and of course, injection or the timing of the e ngine Diesel engine has a long history that is intertwined closely with economic and other issues at the time. Diesel engine was created by Rudolf Diesel. He developed the idea of diesel engines and thought up the principle of its work. He believed even the notion of the engine that compresses air to the point where there is a rise in temperature produced. The concept of a principle where the air when entering the room with the piston, burning in the air as a result of rising temperatures. This causes the piston to move down and eliminates the need for a source of ignition. When Diesel designed his engine, while there was a demand for more fuel efficient engine, as the steam engine was nowhere close to efficient Diesel engine does not need to water supplies or large for a long time warming up and high efficiency in converting thermal energy to work. Used widely in both fixed and mobile diesel where the facilities of the power required is between that provided by a gasoline engine and that of steam turbines, and where can be written relatively high cost of the initial off over a long period. For example, a diesel capacity from 100 to 5,000 horsepower and running on generators and industrial, municipal and the pumps that operate constantly (for example, on oil pipelines). Furthermore, they occupy a relatively small area compared with steam units, because there is a need for a boiler, a factor of importance on board ship. Diesel engine differs from a gasoline engine, the fuel is the cause of the blaze by air pressure in the cylinders instead of a spark: a high compression ratio allows the air in the cylinder to become hot enough to ignite the fuel. Due to the high temperatures of the process, it must be water-cooled diesel engine. Build a diesel engine is heavier than that of the gasoline engine, and there are usually three or more cylinders (supported in the framework of the board) and heavy flywheel. The cylinders work alternately to give the effect a smooth transition, and also contribute to the flywheel to ensure a smooth work. There are two types of diesel engines. In the two-stroke -or two-cycle- type there is as a full course of the process in each of two stroke piston. This type of engine requires the provision of compressed air to run and start. In four- stroke, or four cycle- type the first downstroke of the piston draws in air that is compressed to rub up to around ÂÂ £ 500 square meters for each guest (35 kg per square cm). In the upper part of the stroke plane of the oil is sprayed in the way of fuel injector. And ignited the oil and the rapid expansion of gas created by the explosion forces the piston down in the work, or fire, and stroke. And after rubbing the top of the waste gas through the exhaust valve, and a complete cycle. The speed and power of the diesel are controlled by varying the amount of fuel injected into the cylinder, not the amount of air admitted as in the gasoline engine. Small and medium-size ships may have several diesels producing as much as 50,000 hp. Heavy-duty land transports such as trains, trucks, buses, and tractors are often diesel-powered. Some automobiles and even some airplanes have had diesel engines. Diesel engines, although more fuel efficient than gasoline engines, and generate more smog combustion products produced for (though it produces greenhouse gases, global warming less). This has restricted the sale of diesel-powered vehicles in states such as California, where smog has been a significant problem. The effects of the introduction of diesel fuel is very low sulfur in 2006, which was conducted in part to encourage the development of emission control technology and improved diesel engines, and the development of cleaner diesel engines for cars burning. And new rules for diesel engines in 2009 are required to comply with the standards set for emissions of gasoline engines